How to configure a iSCSI Volume using ZFS on opensolaris

This is just too easy. for example:

> mkfile 1000m /disk1 /disk2 /disk3
> zpool create zfs01 /disk1 /disk2 /disk3

> iscsitadm modify admin -d /zfs01/
> iscsitadm create target -z 1000m iscsizfs01

> /usr/sbin/iscsitgtd restart

I now have a 1 gig volume available over the network. Cool!
iscsi works well for applications requiring 400Mb/sec or less.

Other helpful commands:
> zpool list
> zpool status -v
> zpool upgrade #shows version info
> iscsitadm list target -v
> iscsitadm show admin

Cart of Confidential Files left on corner in SF Financial District

Today, I went to get some coffee, and I came across these carts full of sensitive files owned by a financial company which I wont name. The carts were left right out in the open on the main corner of the San Francisco Financial District, 101 California & Davis St., San Francisco, CA.

What a dream for an identity thief!

Double-Hop SSH

Sometimes I need to access a server that's behind two or more firewalls. I use SSH tunneling to accomplish this, and in this example I show port specifics for MySQL.

First, I establish a ssh session with a local tunnel to 'Server A' that's NAT'd through a firewall. 'Server A' sits in a DMZ.

Second, I establish another ssh session with a local tunnel from 'Server A' to 'Server B' that's NAT'd through another firewall. 'Server B' sits on the INSIDE network. The local port of the tunnel in the first session on 'Server A' corresponds to the referenced port on 'Server B' in the second session. A "plumbing" of sorts has been configured.

Session 1 - Client to 'Server A'
> ssh -L 44444:localhost:9999 user@serverA

Session 2 - 'Server A' to 'Server B'
> ssh -L 9999:ServerC:3306 user@serverB

As you can see, to get to 'Server C', the client application would connect to localhost:44444, sshd would bitpump traffic from TCP:44444 on the client to TCP:9999 on 'Server A'. Then through the second ssh tunnel between 'Server A' and 'Server B', sshd would bitpump traffic arriving at port TCP:9999 on 'Server A' and bitpump traffic to TCP:3306 on 'Server C' through 'Server B'.

Be responsible, make good choices. Have fun and don't kill anybody.

OpenIDS 1.9 released!

This project is simply awesome, I highly recommend it.
The new 1.9 version is based on OpenBSD 4.3

http://prowling.nu

Change SA password

Exec Sp_Password NULL, 'new_password', 'sa'

Using PKI with SSH

If you're concerned about the global increase in brute-force SSH login attempts, you can use PKI to prohibit successful unauthorized authentication through password guessing.

Generate key pair
# keygen -b 1024 -t rsa -f ./rsa_id_clientname

Add/append public key to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file on the target

Add/append a few lines to ~/.ssh/config on the client
Host
User
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/

Attempt new SSH session

Troubleshooting MS SQL Server

/* DO NOT JUST EXECUTE THIS SCRIPT. HIGHLIGHT THE COMMAND AND RUN IT */

select @@servername                                      
/* returns name of server. */

select @@version                                         
/* returns the version. */

select @@connections                                     
/* returns number of connections since restarted. */

select @@packet_errors                                   
/* returns number of packet errors since restarted. */

select dbid, DB_NAME(dbid) AS DB_NAME FROM sysdatabases  
/* Returns the database name. */

sp_tables
/* Returns a list of objects (table names) that can be queried in the current environment (any object that can appear in a FROM clause). */

sp_helplogins
/*Provides information about logins and the associated users in each database */

PF State info via shell script

I use the following script to generate state info on my pf firewalls. The output is placed in a file and transferred to a directory beneath the DocumentRoot of a secured internal web server.


#!/bin/sh
echo \ > /tmp/pfstate.txt
date 1>> /tmp/pfstate.txt
echo --------------------------------------------------------- >> /tmp/pfstate.txt
pfctl -s state | grep ESTABLISHED | sort 1>> /tmp/pfstate.txt
echo --------------------------------------------------------- >> /tmp/pfstate.txt
pfctl -s info 1>> /tmp/pfstate.txt
echo \ >> /tmp/pfstate.txt
scp /tmp/pfstate.txt opsbsd@x.x.x.x:/portal.sv/monitoring/opsbsd001/pfstate.html

Create and Self-Sign Certs on the Netscaler Application Switch

#Create CA
create ssl rsakey ops-ca.key 1024
create ssl certreq ops-ca.csr -keyfile ops-ca.key
create ssl cert ops-ca.crt ops-ca.csr ROOT_CERT -keyfile ops-ca.key

shell
echo '01' > ops-ca-serial.srl
exit

#Create a Server cert for the NetScaler (for testing, if required)
create ssl rsakey ops-vip.key 1024
create ssl certreq ops-vip.csr -keyfile ops-vip.key
create ssl cert ops-vip.crt ops-vip.csr SRVR_CERT -CAcert ops-ca.crt -CAkey ops-ca.key -CAserial serial.srl

#create key and csr on the apache web servers
openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024
openssl req -new -key server.key -out opswebserver_01.csr

#copy the csr back to the netscaler

#sign csr's from the web servers with the CA created on the netscaler
create ssl cert /nsconfig/ssl/opswebserver_01.crt /nsconfig/ssl/opswebserver_01.csr SRVR_CERT -CAcert /nsconfig/ssl/ops-ca.crt -CAkey /nsconfig/ssl/ops-ca.key -CAserial /nsconfig/ssl/ops-ca-serial.srl

#copy the crt back to the apache server and put it in the appropriate place and edit ssl.conf

#add the in-memory cert object that holds the SSL server certificate information for SSL handshakes
add ssl certkey ops-certkey -cert ops-vip.crt -key ops-vip.key

#bind the certkey to a vserver
bind ssl certkey Ops_VIP ops-vip.key [ -vserver | -service ]

#dont forget to copy all files in /nsconfig/ssl to the second netscaler


Final Key
#create new csr
create ssl certreq opsportal.someurl.com.csr -keyfile opsportal.someurl.com.key

#copy key file to second netscaler
#passphrase: xxxxx
#Submit csr to verisign
#Copy verisign cert into text file
#Copy cert file to both netscalers

#Create certkey on netscaler
add ssl certKey portal.cert -cert ops-portal.someurl.com.crt -key opsportal.someurl.com.key

#add Verisign intermediate cert
add ssl certkey vrisgn.intmed.cert -cert /nsconfig/ssl/verisign.intermediate.cert.crt

#link intermediate cert to portal-certkey
link ssl certkey portal.cert vrisgn.intmed.cert

#bind certkey to vserver
bind ssl certkey ops_vip opsportal.someurl.com.key -vserver

Install and Configure Snort on CentOS

The following has been laying around in some text file I got tired of keeping, so I figured I put it here.

groupadd snort
useradd -g snort snort –s /sbin/nologin
passwd snort

chkconfig apmd off
chkconfig cups off
chkconfig isdn off
chkconfig netfs off
chkconfig nfslock off
chkconfig pcmcia off
chkconfig portmap off

rpm --import http://mirror.centos.org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-4

yum -y update

chkconfig yum on
service yum start
yum –y install mysql mysql-bench mysql-server mysql-devel mysqlclient10 php-mysql httpd gcc pcre-devel php-gd gd mod_ssl glib2-devel gcc-c++

# In the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file change the following lines (if it is commented out remove the #):
Protocol 2
PermitRootLogin no
PermitEmptyPasswords no

service sshd restart

chkconfig httpd on
chkconfig mysqld on
service httpd start
service mysqld start

cd /var/www/html
wget http://www.internetsecurityguru.com/index.php.txt
mv ./index.php.txt ./index.php

cd /root
mkdir /root/snortinstall/
cd /root/snortinstall/
wget http://www.snort.org/dl/current/snort-2.6.1.5.tar.gz
tar xvzf snort-2.6.1.5.tar.gz
cd snort-2.6.1.5
./configure --with-mysql --enable-dynamicplugin
make
make install


mkdir /etc/snort
mkdir /etc/snort/rules
mkdir /var/log/snort
cd /root/snortinstall/snort-2.6.1.5/etc/
# (make not this is not /etc. it is the etc dir under the snort source code)
cp * /etc/snort

#Download BASE
cd ~/snortinstall/
wget http://easynews.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/secureideas/base-1.2.6.tar.gz
cd /var/www/html
tar xvzf /root/snortinstall/base-1.2.6.tar.gz
mv base-1.2.6/ base/


mkdir /root/snortinstall/rules
cd /root/snortinstall/rules
wget http://www.snort.org/pub-bin/downloads.cgi/Download/vrt_pr/snortrules-pr-2.4.tar.gz
tar xvzf /root/snortinstall/rules/snortrules-pr-2.4.tar.gz
cd /root/snortinstall/rules/rules
cp * /etc/snort/rules

#Copy the signatures into the BASE application directory
cd ~/snortinstall/rules/
mv ./doc/signatures/ /var/www/html/base/

#Modify your snort.conf file
var HOME_NET 10.0.0.0/24 (make this what ever your internal network is, use CIDR.
var EXTERNAL_NET !$HOME_NET (this means everything that is not your home net is external to your network)
#change “var RULE_PATH ../rules” to “var RULE_PATH /etc/snort/rules”
#After the line that says “preprocessor stream4_reassemble” add a line that looks like
preprocessor stream4_reassemble: both,ports 21 23 25 53 80 110 111 139 143 445 513 1433

output database: log, mysql, user=snort password=
dbname=snort host=localhost


#Change directory to /etc/init.d and type:
cd /etc/init.d
wget http://internetsecurityguru.com/snortinit/snort
chmod 755 snort
chkconfig snort on


===========
mysql
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost=PASSWORD('r3m0t3c0ntr0l');
>Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)
mysql> create database snort;
>Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> grant INSERT,SELECT on root.* to snort@localhost;
>Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR snort@localhost=PASSWORD('sn0rt');
>Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)
mysql> grant CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE on snort.* to snort@localhost;
>Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> grant CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE on snort.* to snort;
>Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> exit
>Bye
===========
mysql
SET PASSWORD FOR root@localhost=PASSWORD('r3m0t3c0ntr0l');
create database snort;
grant INSERT,SELECT on root.* to snort@localhost;
SET PASSWORD FOR snort@localhost=PASSWORD('sn0rt');
grant CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE on snort.* to snort@localhost;
grant CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE on snort.* to snort;
exit



mysql -u root -p < ~/snortinstall/snort-2.6.1.5/schemas/create_mysql snort

#Hand configure the firewall:
cd /etc/sysconfig/

#edit the iptables file
#and delete the lines
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d 224.0.0.251 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT

#change the line
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
#to
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT

#change the line
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT
#to
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j DROP

service iptables restart



cd /root/snortinstall
pear install Image_Graph-alpha Image_Canvas-alpha Image_Color Numbers_Roman



#Download ADODB
cd ~/snortinstall/
wget http://easynews.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/adodb/adodb480.tgz
cd /var/www/
tar xvzf /root/snortinstall/adodb480.tgz


cp /var/www/html/base/base_conf.php.dist /var/www/html/base/base_conf.php

#Edit the “base_conf.php” file and insert the following perimeters
$BASE_urlpath = "/base";
$DBlib_path = "/var/www/adodb/ ";
$DBtype = "mysql";
$alert_dbname = "snort";
$alert_host = "localhost";
$alert_port = "";
$alert_user = "snort";
$alert_password = "sn0rt";

service snort start

#goto here to finish setting up the database
https://ip_address/base

#Secure BASE
mkdir /var/www/passwords
/usr/bin/htpasswd -c /var/www/passwords/passwords base

#Edit the httpd.conf (/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf). I put it under the section that has:

Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None



AuthType Basic
AuthName "SnortIDS"
AuthUserFile /var/www/passwords/passwords
Require user base


service httpd restart

Netscaler Configuration Backup Script

This one is for a Windows system. We're using Backup Exec, so I used the backup server as an aggregation point before running it all to tape.

----------

for /f "tokens=2-4 delims=/ " %%a in ('DATE/T') do set mdate=%%c%%a%%b
mkdir f:\backup\netscaler\ns01\%mdate%
scp -i c:\cygwin\home\Administrator\.ssh\id_backup01_rsa -r nsroot@172.18.1.20:/nsconfig/* /cygdrive/f/backup/netscaler/ns01/%mdate%

Citrix Presentation Server Basic Requirements

The pre-req's are pretty straight-forward...here they are.

Add/Remove Programs
- Terminal Services
- IIS+ASP.Net
- SNMP
- .Net 2.0 Framework

Windows Update

When starting a new ICA session make sure that the user, or a group that the user is a member of, is in the servers local group named "Remote Desktop Users"

Configuring two Netscaler Application Switches as a High Availability pair

On Primary NS (172.18.1.20):
add node 2 172.18.1.22
set interface 1/1 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/2 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/3 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/4 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/5 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/6 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/8 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED

On Secondary NS (172.18.1.22):
set node -hastatus STAYSECONDARY
add node 1 172.18.1.20
set interface 1/1 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/2 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/3 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/4 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/5 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/6 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set interface 1/8 -speed AUTO -duplex AUTO -autoneg ENABLED -hamonitor OFF -state DISABLED
set node -hastatus ENABLE

Policy-driven Content Filtering on the Netscaler Application Switch

I have a server with two separate web services on it. Both services are available through the same web application server, so port restriction isnt going to work in this case. I wanted to prevent remote users from accessing one of these load balanced services, so I used content filtering to drop any requests for this url.

> add expression e1 url == /dts
> add expression e2 url == /DTS
> add filter dts_filter -reqrule "e1||e2" -reqaction RESET

> add action dts_action Forward /dts /

> show action
> show filter
> bind lb vserver somename_vip -policyName dts_filter

How to set up a Netscaler Application Switch

The following steps are the most basic, essential steps to get a Netscaler Application Switch up and running.

#set root password
set system user nsroot newpasswd1

#add mapped ip, this is the interface for connections to servers (inside)
add ns ip x.x.x.x 255.255.255.0 -type mip

#set netscaler ip (nsip), this ip used for administration only
set ns config -ipaddress x.x.x.x -netmask 255.255.255.0

#set default gateway on nsip
add route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x

#save config
save ns config

reboot

#open the gui
http://nsip/

=====

Using IP's instead of domain names for NTP server configuration

To prevent devices from the extra step of having to resolve domain name, I often use the IP for NTP servers references. These IP's dont change very often, so its a pretty safe bet to use IP's and not the domain names. Typically I configure NTP with a list of 5-10 servers.

Typically I set my monitoring server up as the NTP check point for all the other servers and network devices in my network. But I also provide each system with a list of fallback servers.

I like to use the pool servers from ntp.org
There are about 1700 active servers, today.

Configuring NTP in Cisco IOS

ntp server 69.60.124.59
ntp server 98.172.32.171
ntp server 208.113.193.9
ntp server 216.184.20.83
ntp server 66.250.45.2
clock timezone PST -8

Configuring NTP in Windows

w32tm /config /manualpeerlist:"72.167.54.201, 74.53.76.34, 209.67.219.106, 209.132.176.4, 72.36.170.170, 67.18.208.203, 69.36.240.252, 216.14.98.234, 64.202.112.65, 65.49.42.8,0x8" /syncfromflags:MANUAL
net stop w32time
net start w32time
w32tm /resync

Configuring NTP in *nix or BSD

edit /etc/ntp.conf
---------------------------
server 0.pool.ntp.org # A stratum 1 server at ntp.org
server 1.pool.ntp.org # A stratum 1 server at ntp.org
server time.nist.gov # A stratum 2 server at nist

restrict 0.pool.ntp.org mask 255.255.255.255 nomodify notrap noquery
restrict 1.pool.ntp.org mask 255.255.255.255 nomodify notrap noquery
restrict time.nist.org mask 255.255.255.255 nomodify notrap noquery

restrict 10.10.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap

restrict 127.0.0.1
---------------------------


On linux systems that use chkconfig utility:
---------------------------
chkconfig ntpd on
service ntpd start
service ntpd stop
service ntpd restart
---------------------------


On other systems:
---------------------------
pkill -HUP -x ntpd
---------------------------


Verify that ntpd is running:
---------------------------
ps auxwww | grep ntpd
---------------------------


Syncronize

check the date: `date`
stop ntpd: `pkill -x ntpd`
run ntpdate: `ntpdate -u `
note: its possible that this command may need to be run several times.
use the offset to determine acceptable offset values.
start ntpd:
check sync: `ntpq -p`

Using Native VLAN's for improved security and redundancy

We have three zones. Public, DMZ, and Inside. I created vlan 20 for Public, 30 for DMZ, and vlan 40 for Inside. Then i created vlan dummy_vlan2, dummy_vlan3, and dummy_vlan4, then i went into the vlan database and suspended each. Then, I went to each access port (via the interface-range qualifier) and assigned the native vlan and set the vlan membership explicitly, nearly the same as you showed in your article (you showed an example of allowing all vlans). Finally, I explicited allowed only vlans 20,30, and 40 on the Trunk.

I hope this is the appropriate place for it, but here is how I set it up, straight from the documentation I wrote.

——

+ Set up the Aggregated Ports

Set up PAGP on Switch01 side

# conf t
(config)# interface range gi 1/43 - 44
(config-if-range)# channel-group 1 mode desirable

Set up PAGP on Switch02 side

(config)# interface range gi 1/43 - 44
(config-if-range)# channel-group 1 mode desirable

port-channel 1 is the resulting virtual interface

The following command will verify what has been set up.
# show etherchannel summary

Set up the IEEE 802.1Q Trunk

SW02

(config)# interface port-channel 1
(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
(config-if)# switchport mode trunk

SW01

(config)# interface port-channel 1
(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
(config-if)# switchport mode trunk

+ Configure VTP

SW01

(config)# vtp mode server
(config)# vtp domain xxxxxxx
(config)# vtp password xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

SW02

(config)# vtp mode server
(config)# vtp domain xxxxxxx
(config)# vtp password xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

+ Vlan Configuration

SW01
Create Dummy VLANs

(config)# vlan 2
(config-vlan)# name dummy_vlan2
(config)# vlan 3
(config-vlan)# name dummy_vlan3
(config)# vlan 4
(config-vlan)# name dummy_vlan4
(config)# end

Suspend dummy_vlan’s

#vlan database
#vlan 2 state suspend
#vlan 3 state suspend
#vlan 4 state suspend

Create Active VLAN’s

#vlan 20
#name PUBLIC_VLAN
#interface range 1/1 - 4
#switchport access vlan 20
#switchport trunk native vlan 2

#vlan 30
(config-vlan)#name DMZ_VLAN
(config-vlan)#interface range 1/17 - 32
(config-vlan)#switchport access vlan 30
(config-vlan)#switchport trunk native vlan 3

#vlan 40
(config-vlan)#name INSIDE_VLAN
(config-vlan)#interface range 1/33 - 35
(config-vlan)#switchport access vlan 40
(config-vlan)#switchport trunk native vlan 4

Configure Trunk Interface

(config)# interface port-channel 1
(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan 20,30,40
(config-if)#end
# wr mem